•உடல் நலம் பேணுமிடம் / நாடுமிடம் (Health)
"நோயற்ற வாழ்வே குறைவற்ற செல்வம்" என்பது பழமொழி. உடல் ஆரோக்கியம்தான் மற்ற எல்லாச் செல்வங்களைவிடவும் சிறந்தது. இன்னும் சொல்லப்போனால் மற்ற செல்வங்களைப் பெறவும், பெற்ற செல்வத்தை அனுபவிக்கவும் ஆரோக்கியம் இன்றியமையாததாய் திகழ்கிறது. உயர்ந்த பல போதனைகளை கிடைக்கப் பெற்றுள்ள முஸ்லிம்கள் தனக்கும், சமூகத்திற்கும், இறைவனுக்கும் செய்ய வேண்டிய கடமைகளைச் செய்ய ஆரோக்கியம் மிகவும் இன்றியமையாதது. உயர்பதவி வகிப்பவர்கள், கல்வி ஞானம் உடையோர் நாவன்மைமிக்கோர், உழைப்பாளிகள் போன்றோருக்கு ஆரோக்கியம் இல்லையெனில் அவர்களது கல்வியும், உழைப்பும், நாவன்மையும் இவ்வுலகுக்கு பயன்படாமலேயே போய்விடும். அதேபோன்று குழந்தைச் செல்வங்கள்தான் நாளைய உலகை வழி நடாத்துபவர்கள். நோயற்ற குழந்தைகள்தான் கல்வியிலும் மார்க்கத்திலும் உயர்ந்து நின்று சமூகத்திற்கு பெரும் தொண்டாற்றிட முடியும். மறுமையை நம்பும் முஸ்லிம்களுக்கு பரீட்சைக் கூடமாகிய இவ்வுலகில் ஆரோக்கியம் இல்லையெனில் திறம்பட செயலாற்ற முடியாது. "சுவர் இருந்தால்தான் சித்திரம் வரைய முடியும்" என்பார்கள். எனவே நோயற்ற வாழ்வுக்கு இக்கட்டுரை உங்களுக்கு உதவிபுரியும் என்ற நன்னோக்கோடு தொகுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain (as in “good health” or “healthy”).
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
health is:
"a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities."
Two aspects to health
Most people accept that health can be divided into two broad aspects - physical and mental health.
5 Factors that influence health are: Genetic, Behavioural, Socioeconomic status, environmental and institutional/social.
Note: There are comments associated with this question. See the discussion page to add to the conversation
Dimensions of health
There are many models of health. Some are very simple: body, mind and spirit, for example. The model of health above is a five dimensional model of health. I have seen many models of health, and every one has listed spiritual health as one of the fundamental dimensions. The key to good health is "exercising" each of the dimensions of health and maintaining a balance between them.
UNIT -1
Disease
A disease is any disturbance or anomaly in the normal functioning of the body that probably has a specific cause and identifiable symptoms.
Diseases are one of the factors threatening us from having a properly functional life. Throughout our history, epidemics have caused the extinction of whole populations. Over the last century, man has discovered many microorganisms that cause diseases in humans and animals, and has learned how to protect himself from them, by either prevention or treatment.
What causes illness?
What causes people to fall ill?
There are a few agents that cause illness. Possible candidates include the microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Which of these microorganisms cause illness?
How can you identify the cause of the illness?
Why is it important to identify the cause of the illness?
For answers to these questions, read on.
What are microorganisms?
Too small for us to see without the help of a microscope.
Microorganisms
Microorganisms are living organisms, most of them unicellular creatures that can be seen only with a microscope. Humans need them to live. They help us digest food and enable the normal development of our immune system. Microbes include viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, which can cause disease when our immune system can't fight them off.
Microorganisms are everywhere in our environment, on and in our bodies. In most cases they do us no harm. In fact, under normal conditions, our bodies house entire populations of microorganisms, kept in balance and harmless (these are termed endogenous populations). These microorganisms are vital for our bodies; they form an essential system that helps protect our body
- Malaria
7- Tuberculosis
9- Hepatitis B
6- HIV/AIDS
3- Food poisoning
5- Strep throat
2- Influenza
8- Lyme disease
1- Giardiasis
1.1 Disease Transmission & Control
This module looks at how disease is transmitted and introduces the concepts of standard and additional precautions which are used to control the transmission of disease. The many microorganisms, which are important in endoscopy, are also covered.
Objectives
After you have worked through this module you will be able to:
describe the modes of transmission of disease
apply the principles of standard and additional precautions
demonstrate a knowledge of the potential infection risks associated with endoscopy.
Transmission of Disease
The world is teeming with microorganisms, many of which are harmless to humans. To cause an infection pathogenic organisms need to gain access to a susceptible human body. The spread of infection requires three elements:
a source of infecting microorganisms
a means of transmission for the microorganism
a susceptible host
To prevent the spread of infection it is therefore necessary to eliminate at least one of these elements.
Source of infecting microorganisms
Some infections are caused by the microorganisms that are already present on or in the human body, which acts as a reservoir of infection. These are referred to as endogenous infections. Other infections are caused by microorganisms from the external environment and are called exogenous infections.
Organisms that cause exogenous infections usually have a preferred portal of entry such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The intact skin and mucous membranes lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract provide a protective barrier against these organisms. If this barrier is damaged or penetrated then the organisms can potentially gain entry to the body. In most endoscopic procedures the endoscope only comes in contact with intact mucous membranes. However, in some procedures, for example when a biopsy is taken, the mucous membrane is damaged.
Transmission of microorganisms
To cause an infection, pathogens have to be transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host. Transmission of most microorganisms usually occurs from person to person, known as horizontal transmission. Transmission from mother to fetus across the placenta is called vertical transmission.
Horizontal spread of organisms can occur by contact transmission, which involves direct or indirect contact with the reservoir or source.
Direct contact refers to close contact that results in exposure to skin and body secretions. Organisms can be transmitted from one part of a person's body, such as their skin or an infected wound, to another part of their own body or to another individual.
Indirect contact occurs when organisms from an infected host or other reservoir are transmitted to a susceptible host via an inanimate object or fomite. In the hospital environment fomites which can become contaminated and act as sources of infection include medical equipment such as endoscopes, clothing, bedding, dressings and sinks. Gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella can be transmitted in this way.
Droplet transmission, the transmission of infectious agents in droplets from respiratory secretions by coughing, sneezing or talking, is another form of contact transmission. Pathogens that are transmitted in this way are the cold and influenza viruses and the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis.
Infectious agents can also be transmitted over a wide area to many people by a common vehicle such as food, air or water. Legionnaires' disease is typically transmitted in this way. If the bacteria are present in water they can be dispersed in a fine aerosol spray then carried by air currents over a wide area. Transmission of disease in this manner is referred to as airborne transmission.
Susceptible host
Whether or not a particular microorganism infects a person depends on the balance between the power of the organism to cause disease and the power of the body to resist it. A variety of circumstances may increase the risk of infection associated with endoscopy these include:
compromised immune status
procedurally induced tissue damage
presence of intrinsic infective foci
endovascular surface integrity
indwelling foreign material
number and type of infectious agents present on or in the endoscope, its water-feed system and accessories
Preventing the spread of infection
To prevent infection associated with endoscopy a number of interventions are utilised to control the source of microorganisms, prevent their transmission and to minimise the risks associated with increased host susceptibility. These are:
cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation
standard and additional precautions
prophylactic antimicrobials
immunisation
A discussion of the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis is beyond the scope of this training package.
For more information about antimicrobial prophylaxis see: Infection Control in Endoscopy.
We will look at immunisation in the Workplace Health and Safety module, and will discuss cleaning, disinfection and sterilisation in detail in the Sterilisation and Disinfection and Reprocessing modules.
1) person-to-person spread.
2) droplet spread.
3) vector spread.
4) vehicle spread.
5) airborne spread
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